Brain stem function and balance11/21/2023 ![]() ![]() Through the limbic system, memories that are emotionally charged are often easier to recall than those that are not. The hippocampus is also involved in the formation and retrieval of memories, and its connections through the limbic system help connect those memories to the emotions experienced when the memories form. By producing emotions (such as fear, anger, pleasure, and sadness), the limbic system enables people to behave in ways that help them communicate and survive physical and psychologic upsets. The limbic system controls the experience and expression of emotions, motivation, memory, and learning, as well as some automatic functions of the body. This system connects the hypothalamus with other areas of the frontal and temporal lobes. The parts of the limbic system are the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the thalamus, mammillary bodies, and the hippocampus. The limbic system, another subcortical structure, consists of structures and nerve fibers located deep within the cerebrum. When the blood-brain barrier is permeable, some substances (such as certain antibiotics) that normally are unable to pass into the brain are able to do so. When the brain is inflamed, as may occur when people have certain infections or tumors, the blood-brain barrier becomes leaky (permeable). However, the blood-brain barrier has transport systems that move substances the brain needs across the barrier to brain tissue. read more, do not readily pass through the barrier. They supply 90% of the dry weight of the diet and 100%. Some substances needed by the brain, such as sugar and amino acids Proteins Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the main types of macronutrients in food (nutrients that are required daily in large quantities). Certain drugs, such as antidepressants, are designed so that they can pass through the barrier. On the other hand, substances such as alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine can pass into the brain. ![]() read more, the smallest of the body’s blood vessels, are where the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between the blood and tissues occurs.) Because the blood-brain barrier controls substances that can enter the brain, penicillin, many chemotherapy drugs, some toxic substances, and most proteins cannot pass into the brain. ![]() The blood circulating in this system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body and removes waste. ( Capillaries Capillaries The heart and blood vessels constitute the cardiovascular (circulatory) system. The blood-brain barrier is necessary because in the brain, unlike in most of the body, the cells that form the capillary walls are tightly sealed, for example, to protect it from harm caused by toxins and infections. These cells allow some substances to reach the brain and block others. It is made up of cells that line blood vessels of the brain. The blood-brain barrier also protects the brain. ![]()
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